知與不知之辨
原文
「Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns—the ones we don't know we don't know. And if one looks throughout the history of our country and other free countries, it is the latter category that tends to be the difficult ones.」
「世界上有『已知的已知 (Known Knowns)』,也有『已知的未知 (Known Unknowns)』,但真正棘手的是『未知的未知 (Unknown Unknowns)』——那些我們甚至不知道自己不知道的事物。」
文言文譯文
或有報曰某事未成,吾常以為趣。蓋吾所知者,有知之知,有知其所知;亦有知之不知,是謂知其所不知。然更有不知之不知,乃吾所不知其不知者也。若觀吾國及他自由之國史,則後者之難,尤甚矣。
此翻譯嘗試以文言文的簡潔和韻律表達原文的哲學內涵,同時保留孔子風格的莊重與深刻。註釋
「知之知」:
對應"known knowns"(已知的已知),即我們知道自己已經了解的事物。此處採用《論語》「知之為知之」的句式結構。
「知其所知」:
強調認知主體對已知內容的明確把握,呼應《大學》「致知在格物」的思想。
「知之不知」:
對應"known unknowns"(已知的未知),源自《論語》「知之為知之,不知為不知」的辯證關係。
「不知之不知」:
對應"unknown unknowns"(未知的未知),此表述受《道德經》「知不知,上」啟發,但更進一步指出完全不自覺的無知狀態。
「吾常以為趣」:
將原文"interesting"譯為「趣」,取《論語》「知之者不如好之者,好之者不如樂之者」中對認知態度的層次區分。
「尤甚矣」:
結語採用《孟子》「盡信書則不如無書」式的判斷句式,強化對未知之難的警示。
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